UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E are correct as they capture the standard definitions and examples of mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation is about reducing emissions, adaptation is about adjustment to impacts, climate-resilient infrastructure is a form of adaptation, and efficiency plus renewables are key mitigation measures. Statement D is wrong because mitigation and adaptation are complementary approaches that can be pursued together, and F is wrong because early warning systems are adaptation rather than mitigation tools. Therefore, the combination A, B, C and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits statement E, which correctly identifies major mitigation strategies of efficiency and renewable energy. Without E, the answer underplays a central pillar of climate mitigation policy.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes D, which falsely claims that mitigation and adaptation are mutually exclusive. Accepting D would deny integrated approaches widely promoted in climate policy and practice.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it groups all the true statements and excludes both D and F, which misclassify relationships and examples. It provides a balanced understanding of how mitigation and adaptation are defined and implemented.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it accepts F as part of a correct combination while excluding A. Early warning systems are primarily an adaptation measure, and leaving out A removes the basic definition of mitigation from the answer set.

Effective climate strategies combine actions to limit emissions with efforts to adapt to inevitable impacts. Improving efficiency reduces energy demand, while scaling up renewables decarbonises supply. At the same time, investing in resilient infrastructure and mainstreaming adaptation into agriculture, water, health and urban planning helps societies cope with changing climate risks. Together these measures reflect an integrated approach consistent with international guidance on climate-resilient development.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because subsidising fossil fuels and abandoning renewable targets lock economies into high-carbon pathways and increase vulnerability to future policy and market shifts.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it combines mitigation and adaptation instruments in a coherent framework, aligning with many national climate action plans and global recommendations.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since focusing only on forests, while valuable, leaves out major emitting sectors like energy, industry and transport and neglects adaptation needs in vulnerable communities.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because delaying domestic action until others move risks higher future costs and undermines collective efforts to stabilise the climate.

Non conventional energy sources are those that differ from traditional fossil based sources and are often renewable. Solar,wind,geothermal and tidal energy fall in this category. These sources are promoted to reduce dependence on coal,oil and gas and to lower environmental impacts. Hence the description in the question clearly refers to non conventional energy.

Option A:
Conventional energy typically denotes traditional sources such as coal,oil,natural gas and large hydro. These have long been used and are often associated with high environmental costs. Therefore conventional is the opposite of what is described in the stem.

Option B:
Thermal energy refers to heat energy and can be produced by burning fossil fuels,using nuclear reactions or harnessing solar power. The term by itself does not indicate an alternative or renewable source. Thus it does not specifically match the idea in the question.

Option C:
Non conventional energy emphasises newer and often renewable sources that can substitute for fossil fuels. Because the stem lists solar,wind and geothermal as examples,this category is the most accurate. It captures both the alternative and low carbon nature of these sources.

Option D:
Nuclear energy is a large scale energy source based on nuclear fission. While it is sometimes considered an alternative to fossil fuels,it is usually not grouped with non conventional renewables like wind and solar in this context. Therefore it is not the best answer here.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct since they reflect definitions of mitigation/adaptation, identify key mitigation strategies and emphasise integrated policies for sustainable development. Statement C is incorrect because sea walls and cyclone shelters are adaptation measures. Statement F is incorrect as climate change is linked with changes in extreme weather patterns. Thus, the combination A, B, D and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, thereby ignoring the importance of integrating mitigation and adaptation for sustainable development.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect since it includes F, which wrongly claims there is no link between climate change and extreme events.

Option C:
Option C is correct as it brings together conceptual and strategic aspects and excludes misclassified examples and denial of extreme-event linkages.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes F and omits A, denying an established link while losing the basic definition of mitigation.

Statements A, B and C are correct and reflect the established link between energy choices and environmental outcomes. Fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide, efficiency measures cut demand and emissions and renewable sources help in mitigation. Statement D is clearly incorrect because energy policy is central to environmental protection through regulations, incentives and technology choices. Hence, the combination that includes A, B and C only is the correct answer.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it contains only A and B and ignores C. While A and B are accurate, C is also a correct statement since renewables contribute significantly to mitigation strategies. Leaving out a true statement makes the option incomplete.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it combines A, B and D and wrongly treats D as correct. By asserting that energy policy has no relevance for environmental protection, D contradicts the basic understanding of climate and energy governance. Including this false statement invalidates the option.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it groups A, C and D and again accepts D as valid. Although A and C are true, adding D undermines the environmental role of energy policy, so the option cannot be chosen.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it includes all the true statements—A, B and C—and excludes the false one. It recognises both the problems of fossil fuels and the solutions offered by efficiency and renewable energy. As a result, it fully satisfies the requirement of the question.

Renewable energy sources are those that are replenished naturally on a human time scale and are not depleted by regular use. Solar energy is derived from sunlight, which is essentially inexhaustible for human purposes. Using solar energy reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, solar energy is correctly identified as a renewable source, making option A correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct because solar energy relies on the continuous flow of solar radiation, which is naturally replenished each day. It does not get exhausted like fossil fuels and is considered a key pillar of sustainable energy transitions.

Option B:
Option B, coal, is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years and is non-renewable on human time scales. Once extracted and burnt, it cannot be quickly replaced.

Option C:
Option C, petroleum, is also a fossil fuel that is finite and non-renewable. Its extraction and use contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.

Option D:
Option D, natural gas, while cleaner than coal and oil in terms of emissions, is still a fossil fuel and non-renewable. It also releases carbon dioxide when burned and can leak methane during extraction and transport.

Statements A, B and C are correct because renewable energy use, efficiency improvements and recognition of fossil fuel lock-in are all central ideas in discussions of low-carbon transitions. Statement D is incorrect since sustainable energy policies usually promote diversification and resilience, not dependence on a single source. Therefore, the only option that includes all three true statements and excludes the false one is A, B and C only.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it lists only A and B, leaving out C which is also correct. Lock-in of fossil infrastructure is an important barrier to transitions recognised in energy studies, so ignoring it gives an incomplete picture of the challenges.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it includes all the true statements (A, B and C) and excludes D, which falsely claims sustainable energy policies discourage diversification. This option matches the accepted understanding of low-carbon transitions.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it groups C and D together and excludes A and B. Although C is correct, D is wrong because sustainable policies generally encourage a balanced energy mix. Selecting this combination misidentifies the overall set of correct statements.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes A, C and D but omits B. While A and C are true, D remains false, and excluding B ignores the key role of efficiency as the “first fuel”. A correct answer cannot contain D or leave out B.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct as they describe low-emission characteristics, access benefits, need for impact assessment and policy tools in renewable energy expansion. Grid integration can be challenging, and renewable projects can have local impacts on land use, ecosystems or communities that must be evaluated. Statements C and F are false because integration is not always challenge-free and renewables do not automatically remove all environmental problems, such as material extraction impacts. Thus, the correct combination is A, B, D and E only.

Option A:
Option A is correct since it captures the realistic and policy-relevant view of renewables, acknowledging both benefits and the need for careful planning. It also excludes C and F, which oversimplify technical and environmental issues associated with the energy transition.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes C, a statement that denies the existence of technical and organisational challenges in grid integration. Experience from many power systems shows that variable renewables require careful management.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it includes F and omits A. F wrongly suggests that all environmental problems vanish with renewables, ignoring life-cycle impacts, while leaving out A overlooks the key advantage of lower operational emissions.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it again accepts F and excludes B. By omitting the access benefits of decentralised renewables, it underplays development gains while retaining an exaggerated claim about environmental outcomes.

Renewable resources are those that can be replenished naturally within a relatively short period. Examples include solar,wind,hydro and geothermal energy. Because these sources are not permanently depleted when used,they can support long term sustainable energy use. Therefore the description in the question clearly points to renewable resources.

Option A:
Fossil fuels such as coal,oil and natural gas are formed over millions of years. Once extracted and burned,they cannot be quickly replenished on a human time scale. Hence they are not renewable and do not fit the description in the stem.

Option B:
Exhaustible resources are those that can be depleted if used excessively. Many non renewable resources fall into this category. The term does not highlight the ability to be naturally replenished,so it is not the best match here.

Option C:
Renewable resources are naturally replenished at a rate comparable to their rate of use. Solar and wind energy are classic examples of this category. Therefore the term renewable correctly describes the type of resource mentioned in the question.

Option D:
Non-renewable resources exist in finite amounts and are not replaced within human time scales. Fossil fuels and many mineral deposits fall into this group. This is the opposite of what is described in the question,so it is not correct.

Statements A, B, C, D and F are correct because they distinguish prevention from control, highlight low-carbon options, show cost and impact benefits and recognise the interplay of technology, policy and behaviour. Statement E is false since green technologies can also create new jobs and transform employment patterns rather than always reducing opportunities. Thus, the combination that includes all the correct statements and excludes E is correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it offers a balanced view of cleaner technologies, showing both technical strategies and socio-economic interactions, while rejecting simplistic claims about inevitable job losses.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits F and therefore ignores how policies and user behaviour influence the actual environmental performance of technologies.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it includes E, which assumes employment always declines with cleaner technologies, contrary to evidence from many green sectors.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect since it leaves out B, so it fails to distinguish end-of-pipe controls from cleaner production, even though that distinction is important in this unit.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct because they capture the core definition and policy tools of a green economy. It links well-being and equity with reduced environmental risks, uses investments in low-carbon and efficient sectors, employs fiscal reforms and supports SMEs and innovation. Statement C is false because employment and decent work are central to just transition debates, and F is false because green economy strategies are explicitly related to SDGs on energy, industry, consumption and more. Thus, the correct combination is A, B, D and E only.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete as it leaves out D and E, thereby ignoring crucial instruments and actors in green transitions. It focuses only on goals and investment directions without mentioning supportive fiscal and enterprise policies.

Option B:
Option B is correct since it groups all the true statements and excludes C and F, which marginalise employment and SDG linkages. It presents a balanced view of green economy as both environmental and socio-economic in orientation.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it includes F and omits A. Accepting F would sever the clearly stated connections between green economy and SDGs, while leaving out A removes the foundational definition relating well-being and equity.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect as it again includes F and omits B. This removes the important role of renewable energy and sustainable transport from the picture while retaining a false claim about SDG disconnection.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct on emissions, access, policy instruments and jobs. Statement C is false because projects can have local impacts. Statement F is false because efficiency and renewables are often pursued together. Therefore A, B, D and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it includes C (false) and omits E.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes F (false) and omits A.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it includes F (false) and omits B.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it includes A, B, D and E and excludes C and F.

Mitigation in the climate context deals with addressing the causes of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or enhancing sinks. Actions like using renewable energy,improving efficiency and protecting forests fall under mitigation. These measures aim to limit the magnitude of future warming. Thus the description in the question clearly points to mitigation.

Option A:
Adaptation refers to adjusting natural or human systems to actual or expected climate impacts. It focuses on coping with the consequences rather than directly reducing emissions. Therefore it does not fit the emission reduction examples mentioned in the stem.

Option B:
Mitigation tackles the sources of climate change by altering energy systems,land use and industrial processes. It complements adaptation but is conceptually distinct. Since the question highlights emission reduction efforts,mitigation is the correct term.

Option C:
Compensation would involve payments for damage or loss due to climate change. While it is sometimes discussed in climate negotiations,it is not the term for emission reduction strategies. Hence it is not the best answer here.

Option D:
Transformation may describe broad socio economic changes towards sustainability. However it is not a specific technical term used for emission reduction efforts under climate policy. Thus it does not accurately capture the meaning intended in the question.