UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E are correct as they capture the standard definitions and examples of mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation is about reducing emissions, adaptation is about adjustment to impacts, climate-resilient infrastructure is a form of adaptation, and efficiency plus renewables are key mitigation measures. Statement D is wrong because mitigation and adaptation are complementary approaches that can be pursued together, and F is wrong because early warning systems are adaptation rather than mitigation tools. Therefore, the combination A, B, C and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits statement E, which correctly identifies major mitigation strategies of efficiency and renewable energy. Without E, the answer underplays a central pillar of climate mitigation policy.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes D, which falsely claims that mitigation and adaptation are mutually exclusive. Accepting D would deny integrated approaches widely promoted in climate policy and practice.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it groups all the true statements and excludes both D and F, which misclassify relationships and examples. It provides a balanced understanding of how mitigation and adaptation are defined and implemented.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it accepts F as part of a correct combination while excluding A. Early warning systems are primarily an adaptation measure, and leaving out A removes the basic definition of mitigation from the answer set.

Check dams help communities adjust to increased rainfall variability and drought risk by improving local water availability. Such measures reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. The stem explicitly labels the action as an adaptation measure,so the missing word is “climate.” Therefore “climate change adaptation” is correctly completed by Option B.

Option A:
Mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance sinks. Check dams primarily address impacts like water scarcity rather than directly lowering emissions,so Option A is not accurate here.

Option B:
Climate adaptation measures strengthen resilience to climate impacts rather than addressing their root causes. Recharging groundwater in drought-prone regions is a clear example of this,matching the question.

Option C:
Pollution control relates to managing contaminants and is not the main role of check dams in the described context. Therefore Option C does not fit the stem.

Option D:
Economic measures may accompany adaptation,but the defining feature of the action is its link to climate related drought risk,not simply economic policy,so Option D is unsuitable.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct since they reflect definitions of mitigation/adaptation, identify key mitigation strategies and emphasise integrated policies for sustainable development. Statement C is incorrect because sea walls and cyclone shelters are adaptation measures. Statement F is incorrect as climate change is linked with changes in extreme weather patterns. Thus, the combination A, B, D and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, thereby ignoring the importance of integrating mitigation and adaptation for sustainable development.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect since it includes F, which wrongly claims there is no link between climate change and extreme events.

Option C:
Option C is correct as it brings together conceptual and strategic aspects and excludes misclassified examples and denial of extreme-event linkages.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes F and omits A, denying an established link while losing the basic definition of mitigation.

Adaptation consists of adjustments that reduce damage or increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. Building infrastructure designed to withstand coastal flooding and storm surges, together with effective early warning systems, helps communities live with sea-level rise and more intense storms.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because switching from coal to solar primarily reduces emissions and is therefore a mitigation measure.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect; better fuel efficiency lowers greenhouse gas emissions from transport and is also mitigation.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since a carbon tax is a policy instrument intended to reduce fossil fuel use and emissions, again falling under mitigation.

Option D:
Option D is correct as it focuses on coping with and reducing vulnerability to climate impacts, which is the essence of adaptation.