UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B and D capture the major elements of sustainable urban transport. A highlights the importance of public and non-motorised transport in cutting congestion and emissions, B stresses integrating land-use with transport to reduce travel demand and D notes the role of efficient and electric vehicles in lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Statement C is incorrect because sustainable transport seeks to reduce dependence on private cars, not increase it. Thus, the correct option is the one that includes A, B and D while excluding C.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all the statements that align with sustainable mobility goals and excludes the one that contradicts them. It recognises demand management, better planning and cleaner technologies as central strategies. By leaving out C, it avoids treating increased car use as an indicator of sustainable transport.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it introduces statement C into an otherwise correct pair. Statement C wrongly suggests that sustainable transport policies aim to increase private car use, whereas policy frameworks advocate modal shift away from cars. Including this incorrect statement invalidates the combination.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it groups B, C and D and in doing so accepts C as correct. Although B and D are valid, the presence of C, which misrepresents sustainable transport policy, makes the option unacceptable.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes A, C and D and omits B. While A and D are correct, C is wrong and B is an important correct statement regarding integrated land-use and transport. This mixture of one false and one omitted correct statement means the option cannot be chosen.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct and together describe key pillars of sustainable urban transport. Public and non-motorised modes reduce congestion and emissions, mixed land use reduces trip lengths, safe infrastructure protects vulnerable road users and policies influence who gains affordable mobility. Statement C is wrong because subsidising private cars tends to increase traffic and pollution, and F is wrong because emission standards clearly contribute to improved air quality. Hence, the combination A, B, D and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits statement E, thereby ignoring how transport policies affect social equity and access. While A, B and D are true, leaving out E means the answer does not reflect the full social dimension of sustainable transport.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes F, which wrongly claims that emission standards have no role in air quality management. It also omits A, thereby excluding the vital role of public and non-motorised transport in sustainability. This mixture cannot be accepted as correct.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it selects all four true statements and excludes C and F, the two clearly misleading claims. It captures environmental, spatial, safety and equity aspects of sustainable urban transport in line with the unit syllabus.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it introduces C, which promotes car subsidies as beneficial, and omits B, which correctly emphasises mixed land use. Including a false pro-car subsidy statement makes the combination inconsistent with sustainability principles.

Non-structural measures rely on policies, planning, regulations and awareness rather than physical structures. Land-use zoning keeps settlements and critical facilities away from floodplains, fault lines or landslide-prone slopes. Building codes ensure that whatever is built meets safety standards. Together they reduce exposure and vulnerability before hazards strike.

Option A:
Option A is a structural measure because it involves constructing physical defences such as embankments.

Option B:
Option B is also structural, as it strengthens physical buildings through engineering modifications.

Option C:
Option C is correct since zoning and codes are regulatory and planning tools, classic examples of non-structural mitigation.

Option D:
Option D is structural because cyclone shelters are actual buildings designed to withstand storms.

Statements A, B, C, D and F are correct and together highlight ecological buffers, planning tools, early warning and long-term sea-level threats. Statement E is wrong because many coastal communities possess traditional knowledge relevant to preparedness. The correct set therefore includes A, B, C, D and F while excluding E.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all true statements and excludes E, which wrongly denies the existence of relevant traditional knowledge.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits F, missing sea-level rise as a key long-term coastal risk.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it includes E (false).

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits B, underplaying vulnerability created by unplanned construction and vegetation removal.

Statements A, B and D are correct: active transport reduces emissions and improves health, heavy reliance on private vehicles increases multiple problems and mixed land-use planning can shorten trips. Statement C is incorrect because bus rapid transit systems are generally introduced to improve efficiency and reduce emissions per passenger kilometre, not increase them. So the combination A, B and D only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it brings together all the true statements while excluding C, which misrepresents the purpose and impact of bus rapid transit. It reflects integrated thinking about transport, environment and health.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete because it omits D, which rightly points to the role of land-use planning in reducing travel distances and emissions.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it includes C, endorsing the false claim that bus rapid transit always raises emissions, contradicting empirical findings from many cities.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect as it combines A and D with C, again treating C as correct and leaving out B, which is a key statement about private motorised transport impacts.