Type of Anumana Smoke Fire – UGC NET Question

Anvayavyatireki anumāna combines both positive and negative concomitance: we observe co-presence of smoke and fire in similar cases and co-absence of smoke where there is no fire. The smoke–fire relation is not restricted to only positive or only negative instances; we have both kitchens with smoke and fire and places like lakes where neither occurs. This pattern fits the definition of anvayavyatireki and is the classical example in Nyāya texts.

Option A:
Option A, kevalānvayi, involves only positive instances where the hetu occurs throughout a single homogeneous class, with no genuine negative instances.

Option B:
Option B, kevalavyatireki, works entirely through negative reasoning without positive cases, unlike the smoke–fire example.

Option C:
Option C aligns with the mixed pattern of co-presence and co-absence that Nyāya uses to illustrate robust vyāpti, making this the standard classification for the hill-fire inference.

Option D:
Option D refers to a fallacious hetu that is irregular, which does not apply to the textbook case of smoke as a reliable sign of fire.