UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

All six statements together give a coherent picture of fallacious and valid reasons in Indian logic, so A, B, C, D, E and F are correct. Hetvābhāsa is indeed an apparently sound but defective reason, and asiddha and viruddha are classic examples where the reason is unestablished or proves the opposite. Satpratipakṣa and bādhita identify reasons neutralised or overridden by equally strong or stronger knowledge. The final statement summarises the threefold condition for a valid hetu: presence in the pakṣa, presence in sapakṣa and absence in vipakṣa. Hence every statement listed is accurate, making this the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it stops at A, B, C and D, leaving out E and F, which also state correct and important aspects of Indian inference theory. Without bādhita hetu and the positive conditions of a valid hetu, the account of reasons and fallacies is incomplete. Therefore A, B, C and D only cannot be accepted as correct.

Option B:
Option B is still incomplete since it omits F, the summary condition for a valid hetu, even though it adds E. While E is correct about contradiction by stronger pramāṇa, leaving out F fails to mention the standard threefold test for a proper reason. Thus A, B, C, D and E only does not capture the full set of true statements.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it includes all six accurate statements that together describe types of hetvābhāsa and the structural requirements of a valid hetu. There is no falsehood among A–F, so the only way to select all correct statements is to choose the option listing all of them. This makes Option C the right answer by matching the full, correct set.

Option D:
Option D is wrong because it leaves out A, which defines hetvābhāsa itself, and thus ignores the overarching concept under which the listed fallacies are grouped. Even though B, C, D, E and F are true, omitting A means the combination is not the complete set of correct statements in the question.