UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Laukika pratyaksha comprises all ordinary perceptions that arise through normal functioning of the senses with their appropriate objects, such as seeing a pot or hearing a sound. It forms the foundation of common-sense knowledge about the world. Nyaya contrasts this category with extraordinary perceptions that involve unusual connections or capacities. Therefore the perception described in the stem is laukika pratyaksha.

Option A:
Option A, alaukika, refers to non-ordinary or extraordinary perception, including yogaja and other special forms, and thus does not match the everyday sensory experiences highlighted.

Option B:
Option B, nirvikalpa, indicates indeterminacy of content and can occur both in ordinary and extraordinary perception, so it is not specifically about usual worldly contact.

Option C:
Option C is correct because laukika literally means "worldly" and is explicitly used to mark the class of perceptions tied to ordinary empirical interaction with objects.

Option D:
Option D, yogaja, is a subset of alaukika perception arising from yogic practice and is far removed from the routine sensory events mentioned in the question.

All four statements accurately describe widely used networking devices in ICT. Hubs do broadcast incoming data to all ports, switches selectively forward frames based on MAC addresses, routers connect and route between networks and modems perform modulation and demodulation for transmission over certain media. Since there is no incorrect statement among A, B, C and D, the combination that includes all four is the only correct answer.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it leaves out statement D and includes only A, B and C. Although these three are correct, statement D is also true about modems. Omitting a correct statement means this option does not represent the complete set of correct statements.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it restricts the set to B, C and D and omits A. Statement A is a true description of how hubs broadcast traffic. Excluding a correct statement prevents this combination from being fully accurate.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it includes A, B, C and D, all of which are true. Together, they cover the basic behaviours of hubs, switches, routers and modems in network communication. As there is no false statement in the list, selecting all of them is consistent with the question.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes only A and D and omits B and C. While A and D are true, leaving out two other true statements makes the combination incomplete. A valid answer should include all correct statements, not just a subset.

A facilitator supports and guides learners to construct their own understanding rather than delivering knowledge in a purely top down manner. In the stem,the teacher prompts discussion and discovery instead of telling everything. This aligns with the role of facilitator in communication.

Option A:
Dictator suggests rigid control and one way commands,which contradicts student centred exploration.

Option B:
As a facilitator,the teacher encourages participation,questions and co creation of meaning,making this option accurate.

Option C:
Censor focuses on suppressing or editing information,which is not the emphasis here.

Option D:
Gatekeeper selects which messages enter a system,whereas facilitation is about process within the classroom.

Statements A, B and D are correct, while C and E are incorrect. A is true because interpersonal communication is typically direct and personal. B is true since such exchanges generally permit immediate verbal or non-verbal feedback. D is true as interpersonal exchanges shape and reflect the quality of relationships. C is false because large, heterogeneous audiences are characteristic of mass communication, and E is false because interpersonal communication often occurs without technological mediation; therefore A, B and D only is correct.

Option A:
Option A includes A and B and recognises face-to-face interaction and feedback as key features, but it omits D, which notes the relational impact of interpersonal exchanges. Since relationships are central to interpersonal communication, A and B only provides an incomplete picture.

Option B:
Option B groups B and D but leaves out A, failing to mention the usual direct, face-to-face nature of interpersonal encounters. Without this defining characteristic, B and D only does not fully describe interpersonal communication.

Option C:
Option C brings together A, B and D, capturing directness, feedback and relational influence while excluding C and E, which wrongly tie interpersonal communication to large audiences or mass media. Because it contains all and only the true statements, A, B and D only is the correct answer.

Option D:
Option D combines A, D and E, but E incorrectly claims that interpersonal communication is always mediated by mass media technologies. Including E leads to a mix of true and false ideas, so A, D and E only cannot be accepted.

Statements A, B and D are correct because environmental conditions shape key health indicators, risks are unequally distributed and monitoring helps target preventive actions. Statement C is incorrect since environmental health is closely intertwined with socio-economic status, access to services and living conditions. The correct combination therefore includes A, B and D only.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits D, which stresses the importance of monitoring health indicators for preventive interventions. Without D, the operational aspect of using indicators is missing.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect since it accepts C as correct along with A and B. Treating environmental health indicators as independent of socio-economic conditions contradicts evidence from public health studies.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it includes A and D but leaves out B, which highlights the disproportionate burden on low-income communities. The pattern of environmental health inequities is thus not fully represented.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it brings together all three true statements and excludes the false one. It reflects an integrated understanding of environment, equity and health monitoring.

Multi channel communication uses more than one channel or mode simultaneously,such as verbal and visual. In the stem,the teacher employs speech,slides and videos,engaging multiple senses. This combination provides several channels through which the message reaches learners. Therefore multi channel is the appropriate term.

Option A:
Linear communication emphasises one directional flow and does not refer to the number of channels used.

Option B:
Multi channel communication often enhances understanding and retention by reinforcing ideas through different modes,making this option correct.

Option C:
Intrapersonal communication is internal and unrelated to the use of slides or videos.

Option D:
One way communication refers to lack of feedback,not to the richness of channels.

In two's complement, -1 is obtained by inverting all bits of +1 and then adding 1. For 8 bits, +1 is 00000001. Inverting gives 11111110, and adding 1 yields 11111111. Thus, the pattern 11111111 represents -1 in any fixed-width two's complement system, including 8 bits.

Option A:
Option A, 00000001, is the representation of +1, not -1. In unsigned binary and two's complement, this pattern always denotes a positive value. Therefore, it cannot be used for -1 in 8-bit two's complement.

Option B:
Option B, 10000000, represents the most negative value in 8-bit two's complement. Specifically, it corresponds to -128, derived from -2^(n-1). Because -128 is far from -1, this pattern is not correct for the given decimal number.

Option C:
Option C, 01111111, corresponds to the largest positive value, which is +127 in 8-bit two's complement. All leading bits except the sign bit are 1, making it a high positive integer. Thus, it cannot represent -1.

Option D:
Option D, 11111111, results directly from taking the two's complement of 00000001. It encodes -1 consistently in 8-bit signed arithmetic. This is why all bits set to 1 in two's complement signify -1, making this option correct.

In this question, statements A, C, E and F correctly describe the scientific method, while B and D are wrong. Statement A is true because systematic observation and logical reasoning are central to scientific inquiry. Statement C correctly identifies hypothesising, testing and verification as typical steps, and statement E is right that objectivity and replicability are crucial. Statement F is also true since scientific principles can be adapted within qualitative frameworks, whereas B is false because empirical evidence is fundamental and D is false as intuition alone cannot constitute scientific research.

Option A:
Option A treats B as the only wrong statement and ignores D. While B is indeed false because the scientific method depends on empirical evidence, D is also incorrect since relying solely on intuition contradicts scientific rigour. By missing one of the wrong statements, this option does not fully answer the question.

Option B:
Option B correctly identifies both B and D as wrong statements and does not misclassify any of the true statements. It recognises that rejecting empirical evidence and relying only on intuition are both incompatible with the scientific method. Because it captures the full set of wrong statements and excludes the correct ones, this option is the right answer.

Option C:
Option C marks only D as wrong and overlooks B. Although D is clearly false, B is equally incorrect because scientific research requires empirical data. Since this combination fails to include all the wrong statements, it cannot be accepted.

Option D:
Option D wrongly includes statement C among the wrong statements along with B and D. Statement C is actually a correct description of typical steps in the scientific method. By misclassifying a correct statement as wrong, this option becomes logically inconsistent.

Statements A, B, C and E are correct because technical reports present detailed methods and analyses, popular reports translate findings for general readers, executive summaries condense key points and the same study may be reported differently for different audiences. Statement D is false; proper referencing is essential across all report types to acknowledge sources and allow verification. Hence, the combination including A, B, C and E and excluding D is correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct since it recognises both the diversity of report formats and the need for adaptation to audience, while also assuming proper referencing even if that is not restated. It excludes D, which negates a core academic norm.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete because it omits E, failing to state explicitly that multiple formats can be produced from a single study for various stakeholders. Without E, the adaptability of reporting is not fully captured.

Option C:
Option C is wrong as it includes D, which wrongly suggests that references are unnecessary, and omits A, which correctly describes the detail level of technical reports. This combination both adds a false statement and drops a true one.

Option D:
Option D is also incorrect because it accepts D along with A and E, thereby endorsing the idea that references are unnecessary. Such a view undermines accountability and scholarly transparency.

To solve 5x + 3 = 18, we first subtract 3 from both sides to isolate the term with x. This gives 5x = 15. Dividing both sides by 5, we get x = 15 ÷ 5 = 3. Therefore, the solution of the equation is x = 3.

Option A:
Option A, 2, does not satisfy the equation because substituting x = 2 yields 5 × 2 + 3 = 13, which is not equal to 18. So this value fails to make both sides equal.

Option B:
Option B, 3, when substituted gives 5 × 3 + 3 = 15 + 3 = 18, which matches the right side and confirms that x = 3 is the correct solution.

Option C:
Option C, 4, produces 5 × 4 + 3 = 23, which is greater than 18 and so cannot be the solution.

Option D:
Option D, 5, gives 5 × 5 + 3 = 28, which again does not equal 18, and therefore cannot solve the equation.

In each group the letters are equally spaced by six positions in the alphabet. AGM uses positions 1, 7 and 13, BHN uses 2, 8 and 14, CIO uses 3, 9 and 15 and DJP uses 4, 10 and 16. The starting letter increases by one each time, so the next group should start at E and use letters at positions 5, 11 and 17, which are E, K and Q. Hence EKQ is the correct continuation.

Option A:
Option A, EKR, has the correct first two letters but ends with R, which is position 18 instead of 17. That changes the spacing of the last jump to seven rather than six. Because the sequence relies on a constant gap of six between letters in each group, EKR does not follow the pattern.

Option B:
Option B is correct because E, K and Q lie exactly six positions apart from each other, just like the letters in all previous groups. The starting letter E also continues the simple progression from A to D. This combination of consistent internal spacing and systematic movement of the first letter makes EKQ the only valid next term.

Option C:
Option C, ELP, does not keep a constant difference between successive letters, and its positions do not match the earlier arithmetic structure. The gaps inside ELP differ from those inside AGM, BHN, CIO and DJP. Therefore it cannot be considered a proper continuation of the series.

Option D:
Option D, FKR, breaks the pattern by starting at F instead of E and also fails to maintain the fixed six letter spacing. Both the starting position and the internal distances contradict the established rule, so FKR is not correct.

Statements A and C are correct because the contrapositive “If not q then not p” is logically equivalent to “If p then q”, and the inverse is indeed “If not p then not q”. Statement D is also true as many reasoning errors arise from confusing the converse “If q then p” with the contrapositive. Statement B is false because it mislabels the converse, and E is false because the contrapositive of a true implication is also true, not always false. Therefore, the combination A, C and D only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct since it gathers exactly the true statements about how converse, inverse and contrapositive are defined and how confusion among them can cause mistakes, while rejecting B and E, which misdescribe these relationships.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes B, which wrongly defines the converse, and thereby endorses a mislabelling of basic logical forms. Even though A and C are true, the presence of B ruins the option.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it treats B, C and D as correct together, despite B being false. It also omits A, which explains the logical equivalence between an implication and its contrapositive, a central concept in NET-level logic.

Option D:
Option D is also incorrect because it includes E, which mistakenly claims that the contrapositive of a true implication is always false, and omits C, leaving out the correct statement of the inverse. This mixture makes the option unsound.

Statements A, B, D and E are correct, while C is wrong. A is true because physical layout and noise affect audibility and visibility. B is true as using unfamiliar language creates semantic and linguistic barriers. D is true since fear of ridicule is a classic psychological barrier. E is true because culturally distant examples reduce relevance and understanding. C is wrong because organisational barriers in classroom communication involve constraints like rigid rules, administrative procedures or structural limitations rather than simply defining them as a total absence of timetable. Hence, C only is the wrong statement.

Option A:
Option A selects C only and leaves A, B, D and E as correct, which is consistent with standard classifications of barriers. By identifying C as the single incorrect statement, this option is correct.

Option B:
Option B groups A and C as wrong, but A correctly identifies physical seating and noise as barriers. Declaring A wrong would misrepresent a well-established source of difficulty in classroom communication, so A and C only cannot be accepted.

Option C:
Option C pairs C and D as wrong, yet D is accurate in linking fear of ridicule with psychological obstacles to student participation. Including D among wrong statements makes C and D only invalid.

Option D:
Option D lists B, C and E as wrong, but both B and E accurately describe linguistic and cultural barriers. As a result, B, C and E only mixes true and false judgments and cannot be treated as the correct option.

Statements A, B, C, D and F are correct and together highlight ecological buffers, planning tools, early warning and long-term sea-level threats. Statement E is wrong because many coastal communities possess traditional knowledge relevant to preparedness. The correct set therefore includes A, B, C, D and F while excluding E.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all true statements and excludes E, which wrongly denies the existence of relevant traditional knowledge.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits F, missing sea-level rise as a key long-term coastal risk.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it includes E (false).

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits B, underplaying vulnerability created by unplanned construction and vegetation removal.

Statements A, B and D present a realistic view of the digital divide, while statement C oversimplifies the situation and is incorrect. The divide involves inequalities in access to devices, networks and skills; income, education and infrastructure are key determinants; and digital literacy shapes meaningful use. Even if everyone owns a mobile phone, disparities in connectivity, affordability and skills may persist, so C must be excluded. Thus, the correct combination is A, B and D only.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it lists only A and B and omits D. While A and B are true, statement D is also correct in stressing the importance of digital literacy. Excluding D ignores the usage dimension of the digital divide.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes A, B and C as correct statements, thereby accepting C. The claim that phone ownership alone dissolves the divide fails to recognise quality, skills and usage gaps. Including this statement invalidates the option.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it combines the three true statements and leaves out the oversimplified one. It reflects a multidimensional understanding of the digital divide, including access, context and capability.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it groups B, C and D as correct, accepting C. While B and D are true, incorporating C’s misleading assertion makes the combination wrong.