Q: Which of the following statements about vyāpti (invariable concomitance) in Indian logic are correct?
(A) Vyāpti expresses a universal relation between hetu (reason) and sādhya (probandum);
(B) Vyāpti is often established through repeated observation of concomitance in sapakṣa cases and absence in vipakṣa cases;
(C) Without vyāpti, inference cannot yield valid knowledge in Nyaya;
(D) A single accidental coincidence of smoke and fire is sufficient to establish vyāpti for all future inferences;
(E) In UGC NET questions, examples like “where there is smoke, there is fire” illustrate the idea of vyāpti;
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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