Sequential steps of research process – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, D and E correctly reflect the logical flow of most research processes, while C is incorrect. The research journey typically begins with identifying and defining a problem and then formulating questions or hypotheses to address it. After collecting data, the researcher analyses and interprets them, and finally reports and disseminates the findings through theses, articles or presentations. Statement C is wrong because review of literature is normally undertaken before detailed data collection, not after.

Option A:
Option A includes A, B and D but excludes E. Although it correctly covers problem definition, hypothesis formulation and post-collection analysis, it omits the important final step of reporting and dissemination. Because it does not include all true statements, this combination is incomplete.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it brings together all the true statements A, B, D and E and omits C, which reverses the usual ordering of literature review and data collection. It captures the full standard sequence from problem identification to reporting.

Option C:
Option C wrongly includes C along with true statements. Since C states that data collection must always precede literature review, it conflicts with accepted practice where literature review informs design and tools. Including C therefore makes this option incorrect.

Option D:
Option D lists B, D and E but omits A, ignoring the foundational step of clearly defining the research problem. Without acknowledging this early stage, the combination does not reflect a complete sequence, so it cannot be correct.

Option E includes A, B and E but leaves out D, failing to mention analysis and interpretation as a distinct stage between data collection and reporting. Skipping this key step means the option cannot represent the full set of correct statements.