Law of excluded middle – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C and E are correct, while D is false. The law of excluded middle asserts that for any proposition p, either p or ¬p holds in classical two-valued logic, with no third option. Some non-classical systems, such as intuitionistic logic, restrict or reject this law in certain contexts, which supports C. In classical logic, “p ∨ ¬p” is a tautology, not a contradiction, so D mislabels it. UGC NET logic questions frequently refer to excluded middle and non-contradiction, as E indicates. Therefore A, B, C, E only is the correct set.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete since it omits E, not mentioning the exam’s interest in these fundamental laws. A, B, C only therefore does not fully satisfy the stem.

Option B:
Option B is wrong because it leaves out C, failing to acknowledge that some non-classical logics challenge the universal scope of excluded middle. A, B, E only thus presents too narrow a view.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it omits A and thereby fails to state the law itself, giving only its context and exam relevance. B, C, E only therefore does not directly identify excluded middle.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it collects the accurate statements about the law, its classical role, its non-classical challenges and its exam importance while excluding D, which wrongly calls “p ∨ ¬p” a contradiction. This selection matches standard introductions to logic and UGC NET-level treatments.