Correlation and causation distinctions – UGC NET Question

The only wrong statement is D; all of A, B, C and E are correct. Lack of detectable correlation in a given dataset does not logically rule out every possible causal link, because data may be limited or noisy. Statements A and B emphasise that even strong correlations need not reveal direct causation, and C notes the role of experimental control and background theory. E rightly warns that misreading correlation-based questions can produce incorrect causal conclusions.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it treats both D and E as wrong, but E is actually correct in warning about exam mistakes. While D is indeed false, E accurately describes a real exam risk. Hence D and E only does not give the right set of wrong statements.

Option B:
Option B is wrong since it includes A among the wrong statements, even though A is a textbook caution about correlation not proving causation. By misclassifying A, this option overstates the strength of correlational evidence.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it singles out D, the claim that uncorrelated variables must be causally unrelated, as the sole incorrect statement. This respects the subtlety that causation may be hidden or non-linear and not captured by a simple correlation.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect as it adds C to the set of wrong statements, even though C correctly highlights the need for controlled studies or strong background knowledge to support causal claims. Therefore C and D only cannot be accepted.