Causes and impacts of desertification – UGC NET Question

Desertification refers to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including inappropriate land use and climatic variations. Overgrazing removes vegetation cover, and deforestation exposes soil to erosion and moisture loss. Over time, these processes degrade soil structure and nutrients, reducing its productivity. A major consequence is declining agricultural yields and increased vulnerability to drought, which is correctly summarised in Option A.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it links human-induced pressures like overgrazing and deforestation with the key impact of reduced soil fertility and crop productivity. This combination is frequently cited in discussions of desertification and food security.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as increased forest cover and soil conservation typically help prevent desertification rather than cause it. They are part of the solution, not the problem.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because sustainable irrigation is a preventive measure; it can help maintain soil health and water tables. Desertification is more often associated with unsustainable irrigation such as waterlogging and salinisation.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect since organic farming and agroforestry generally enhance biodiversity and soil quality, countering desertification rather than causing it.