Academic capitalism refers to the adoption of market-like behaviours by universities. This includes competing for external grants, patenting research and designing revenue-generating programmes. The stem’s examples match these market-oriented practices. Therefore, “capitalism” is the correct completion of the term.
Option A:
Socialism emphasises collective ownership and egalitarian distribution and is not the concept used to describe market behaviour in universities. Thus, this option does not align with the stem.
Option B:
Capitalism focuses on markets, competition and profit-seeking, which is exactly the lens used when scholars talk about academic capitalism. It captures the commercial pressures shaping institutional strategies, making this option appropriate.
Option C:
Feudalism refers to a historical land-based hierarchical system and has no direct connection with modern university–industry relations. Hence, this option is incorrect.
Option D:
Fundamentalism is associated with rigid adherence to certain beliefs and does not describe economic strategies of universities in the global market. Therefore, this option is not suitable.
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