UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E are correct, while D and F are false. Nyaya does define perception as arising from sense-organ contact, and it distinguishes indeterminate nirvikalpa and determinate savikalpa perception. Some traditions also speak of yogaja pratyakṣa as an extraordinary type of perception. Illusory perceptions like shell-silver are taken as examples of error, not of valid pratyakṣa, and many schools explicitly accept perception as a pramāṇa, so F is clearly wrong. Thus A, B, C and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, ignoring the reference to special forms of perception discussed in certain schools. Although A, B and C are true, they do not reflect the full range of pratyakṣa types mentioned in the item. Therefore A, B and C only cannot be the right answer.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect since it adds D, which wrongly treats illusion as valid perception. In Indian epistemology, such experiences are usually analysed as erroneous cognitions, not as paradigms of valid knowledge. Including D makes this combination inconsistent with the standard account.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it omits A and includes D. Without A, the basic Nyaya definition of perceptual knowledge is missing, and accepting D confuses error with valid cognition. So B, C, D and E only cannot be chosen.

Option D:
Option D is correct as it groups A, B, C and E, capturing both the standard definition and the main subtypes of perception without conflating error with knowledge. It excludes D and F, both of which conflict with mainstream Indian logical theory. Hence this option matches the set of correct statements.

Statements A, B, C, D and E provide a correct overview of ordinary and extraordinary perception, while F is false. Ordinary perception uses the usual senses, whereas alaukika covers more refined or extraordinary modes such as universals, mediated perception and yogic awareness. These are treated as forms of pratyakṣa by schools like Nyaya and some Vedānta traditions. F is wrong because not all schools dismiss such perception as mere illusion; rather, they debate its scope and clarity. Therefore A, B, C, D and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete since it omits E, failing to mention the yogaja form, which is an important part of alaukika perception. While A, B, C and D are true, they do not fully cover the extraordinary types. Thus this option is not fully satisfactory.

Option B:
Option B is correct as it gathers the chief categories and examples of laukika and alaukika perception without adopting the extreme sceptical view expressed in F. It matches the level of detail expected in UGC NET questions. Hence it is the appropriate answer.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it includes F and omits A, thereby accepting the claim that all schools reject alaukika perception and not stating what laukika perception is. This misrepresents the diversity of Indian epistemological positions. The combination is therefore incorrect.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect since it includes F and omits B, dropping explicit mention of the main extraordinary types while endorsing an overgeneralisation about their rejection. This option does not accurately reflect Indian epistemology.