UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E are correct, while D and F are false. Nyaya does define perception as arising from sense-organ contact, and it distinguishes indeterminate nirvikalpa and determinate savikalpa perception. Some traditions also speak of yogaja pratyakṣa as an extraordinary type of perception. Illusory perceptions like shell-silver are taken as examples of error, not of valid pratyakṣa, and many schools explicitly accept perception as a pramāṇa, so F is clearly wrong. Thus A, B, C and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, ignoring the reference to special forms of perception discussed in certain schools. Although A, B and C are true, they do not reflect the full range of pratyakṣa types mentioned in the item. Therefore A, B and C only cannot be the right answer.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect since it adds D, which wrongly treats illusion as valid perception. In Indian epistemology, such experiences are usually analysed as erroneous cognitions, not as paradigms of valid knowledge. Including D makes this combination inconsistent with the standard account.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it omits A and includes D. Without A, the basic Nyaya definition of perceptual knowledge is missing, and accepting D confuses error with valid cognition. So B, C, D and E only cannot be chosen.

Option D:
Option D is correct as it groups A, B, C and E, capturing both the standard definition and the main subtypes of perception without conflating error with knowledge. It excludes D and F, both of which conflict with mainstream Indian logical theory. Hence this option matches the set of correct statements.