UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C, D and E accurately describe standard types of hetvābhāsa in Indian logic, while F is false. Savyabhicāra points to irregular concomitance, viruddha reverses the intended conclusion, and asiddha is unestablished in the pakṣa. Bādhita is overridden by a stronger means of knowledge, and satpratipakṣa faces an equally strong counter-reason. A proper hetu must avoid, not exemplify, these defects, so F misstates the requirement. Therefore A, B, C, D and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, leaving out the important case of satpratipakṣa where a counter-reason neutralises the original hetu. While A, B, C and D are true, they do not cover the full range of named fallacies in the list. Thus this option is not adequate.

Option B:
Option B is wrong because it includes F, which claims that a good reason should display one of these defects. In Indian logic, such defects mark the hetu as fallacious, not acceptable. Including F therefore contradicts the central idea of hetvābhāsa.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it assembles all five accurate descriptions of fallacious reasons and excludes the single statement that reverses the standard condition for a proper hetu. It offers a comprehensive view consistent with Nyaya accounts and exam expectations. Hence this is the right answer.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits A and instead includes F, thereby losing the description of savyabhicāra while endorsing the wrong requirement about valid hetu. This combination fails to reflect the recognised structure of Indian logical fallacies.