UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, D and E are correct and together describe key pillars of sustainable urban transport. Public and non-motorised modes reduce congestion and emissions, mixed land use reduces trip lengths, safe infrastructure protects vulnerable road users and policies influence who gains affordable mobility. Statement C is wrong because subsidising private cars tends to increase traffic and pollution, and F is wrong because emission standards clearly contribute to improved air quality. Hence, the combination A, B, D and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits statement E, thereby ignoring how transport policies affect social equity and access. While A, B and D are true, leaving out E means the answer does not reflect the full social dimension of sustainable transport.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes F, which wrongly claims that emission standards have no role in air quality management. It also omits A, thereby excluding the vital role of public and non-motorised transport in sustainability. This mixture cannot be accepted as correct.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it selects all four true statements and excludes C and F, the two clearly misleading claims. It captures environmental, spatial, safety and equity aspects of sustainable urban transport in line with the unit syllabus.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it introduces C, which promotes car subsidies as beneficial, and omits B, which correctly emphasises mixed land use. Including a false pro-car subsidy statement makes the combination inconsistent with sustainability principles.

Sustainable transport seeks to provide mobility while minimising environmental impacts,congestion and social exclusion. It emphasises efficient public transport,active modes and low emission technologies. The stem describes these very measures,so sustainable transport is the correct term. It aligns with broader goals of sustainable urban development.

Option A:
Conventional transport systems have often prioritised private motor vehicles and road expansion,leading to high emissions and congestion. They do not necessarily incorporate the environmental and social considerations highlighted in the question.

Option B:
Sustainable transport integrates land use planning with mobility options to reduce travel distances and dependence on fossil fuels. By promoting public and non motorised modes,it matches the strategies detailed in the stem.

Option C:
Random transport has no recognised meaning in urban planning. It would imply a lack of structure or purpose,which contradicts the planned strategies described in the question.

Option D:
Unregulated transport suggests a lack of rules or standards for safety and emissions. This would likely worsen environmental and social problems rather than contribute to sustainability,so it is not suitable.

Statements A, B, C and D are correct because they reflect the standard definition of ecological footprint, its relationship with urban consumption, and the role of design and comparative analysis. The metric estimates land and water area needed for resources and waste, urbanisation can expand demand, compact design and transit can lower per capita pressure, and footprints can be compared across places. Statements E and F are incorrect since ecological footprints do not capture cultural or spiritual values and clearly depend on both population and per capita consumption patterns. Therefore, the correct set of statements is A, B, C and D only.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it includes all the true statements about ecological footprints and excludes E and F, which exaggerate the scope of the indicator and over-simplify its determinants. It captures both the measurement concept and its practical uses in urban sustainability analysis.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes F, which claims that footprints depend only on population size. This ignores the crucial role of consumption levels and technology in determining the magnitude of ecological footprints, so the option mixes true and false statements.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it accepts both E and F along with the true statements. Adding E implies the indicator fully covers cultural and spiritual aspects, which it does not, and adding F misstates the drivers of ecological demand, making the whole combination invalid.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits A and treats only B, C and D as correct. Leaving out A removes the basic definition of ecological footprint, which is essential for understanding the rest of the statements.

Statements A, B, C and E are correct because sustainable mobility emphasises public and non-motorised modes, integrated land use and transport, management of traffic and parking, and inclusive access for all users including persons with disabilities. Statement D is false since subsidising private cars usually increases traffic, emissions and congestion rather than reducing them. Statement F is also false because safer street design and speed management are key parts of sustainable mobility frameworks. Therefore, the only combination that contains all and only the correct statements is A, B, C and E.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it includes the four statements that reflect recognised approaches to sustainable mobility and excludes those that promote car dependence or ignore safety linkages. It presents a coherent picture of planning, policy and inclusion in urban transport.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes D, which assumes that car subsidies are compatible with sustainability goals. Including D mixes a clearly false statement with true ones, so the option cannot be accepted.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it omits A and includes F. By excluding A, it ignores the central role of public and non-motorised transport, and by including F, it wrongly claims that mobility has no relation to road safety.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect as it leaves out B, thus neglecting transit-oriented development, and also fails to mention traffic demand management. It therefore contains only a subset of the true statements and does not fully represent sustainable mobility strategies.

Sustainable urban transport requires moving more people with fewer vehicles, lower emissions and less congestion. High-quality buses, metro systems and facilities for walking and cycling reduce dependence on private cars. They also improve access for low-income groups and cut energy use. Such strategies directly contribute to cleaner air and better quality of life.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because prioritising private cars typically increases congestion, pollution and land use for parking.

Option B:
Option B is correct as it reflects key components of sustainable mobility: mass transit and non-motorised modes.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since removing emission standards would seriously worsen air quality and public health.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because unchecked diesel vehicles tend to raise particulate pollution and noise.