UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Trairupya refers to the threefold set of criteria that any acceptable hetu must meet: it must occur in the paksha, be present wherever the sadhya is present and be absent where the sadhya is absent. Together, these conditions ensure that the proposed reason is reliably connected with the probandum. Nyaya uses trairupya as a rigorous test for evaluating potential middle terms.

Option A:
Option A, upadhi, is a limiting condition that reveals hidden restrictions on a supposed vyapti, but it is not itself the positive set of requirements for a valid hetu.

Option B:
Option B, vyapti, denotes the universal concomitance between hetu and sadhya but does not specify the distinct checks needed to see whether a particular hetu instance exemplifies that relation.

Option C:
Option C is correct because trairupya literally means "having three forms" and is explicitly formulated in Nyaya as the standard yardstick for judging the soundness of reasons in inference.

Option D:
Option D, hetvabhasa, refers to fallacious reasons that fail to meet one or more of these marks and is therefore a class of defects, not the criteria themselves.

Trairupya refers to the three criteria that any acceptable hetu must satisfy: it must be present in the paksha, pervade all positive instances where the sadhya is present and be absent from all negative instances where the sadhya is absent. Together these marks ensure that the hetu is firmly connected to the sadhya without exceptions. Nyaya uses trairupya as a rigorous test for evaluating proposed reasons.

Option A:
Option A, vyapti, denotes the universal concomitance itself but does not specify the distinct conditions for checking whether a particular hetu exemplifies it correctly in the context of inference.

Option B:
Option B, upadhi, is a limiting condition that reveals hidden restrictions on a purported universal relation, and although related to vyapti, it is not the list of positive criteria that a sound hetu must meet.

Option C:
Option C, udaharana, is the general rule with example in the Nyaya five-limbed argument, not a set of tests for the middle term.

Option D:
Option D is correct because trairupya literally means "having three forms" and is explicitly formulated in Nyaya as the standard against which the legitimacy of reasons is judged.