UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Nyāya distinguishes three principal types of formal debate: vāda, jalpa and vitaṇḍā. Vāda is truth oriented discussion using proper pramāṇas, jalpa is victory oriented dispute that may employ unfair tactics, and vitaṇḍā is purely destructive criticism without advancing a counter thesis. This classification helps evaluate the aims and methods of disputants.

Option A:
Option A correctly groups vāda, jalpa and vitaṇḍā as the three primary modes of debate described in Nyāya texts. Each term marks a different style of engagement.

Option B:
Option B mixes vāda with chala and nigrahasthāna, which refer to quibble and grounds of defeat rather than to main debate types.

Option C:
Option C puts jalpa with chala and jāti, but chala and jāti are specific defects, not overarching forms of disputation.

Option D:
Option D pairs vāda with jāti and nigrahasthāna; again, jāti and nigrahasthāna belong to fallacy and defeat categories, not to the core threefold debate division.