UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B and C correctly describe viruddha and bādhita as fallacious reasons, and E notes their exam relevance. D is false because viruddha hetu is defective, not ideal. Thus A, B, C and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes D (false).

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it omits A (core definition of viruddha).

Option D:
Option D is correct because it includes all true statements and excludes D.

In debate, jāti denotes a type of objection that looks like a good refutation but fails under scrutiny. Nyāya texts enumerate many jātis, such as demanding irrelevant conditions or misusing analogies. They are important because they show how an argument can be verbally impressive yet logically weak. Recognising jātis helps participants avoid being misled by pseudo refutations.

Option A:
Option A overestimates jāti by treating it as a fully sound refutation; by definition, jāti is a defective rejoinder.

Option B:
Option B correctly states that jāti is a fallacious counter argument with only the appearance of refuting the opponent.

Option C:
Option C uses the term jāti in the sense of universal, which is a separate philosophical notion and not the debate defect.

Option D:
Option D confuses jāti with śabda pramāṇa; jāti concerns argument structure, not a means of knowledge.