UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

In Nyāya’s parārthānumāna, udāharaṇa (or dṛṣṭānta) is the step where a general example is cited, such as “like a kitchen where there is smoke and fire.” Its role is to illustrate the universal relation (vyāpti) between hetu and sādhya in a familiar case so that the listener accepts that connection.

Option A:
Option A refers to pratijñā, the thesis, which simply states what is to be proved.

Option B:
Option B refers to the hetu step, where the reason (e.g., “because it has smoke”) is first introduced.

Option C:
Option C correctly identifies udāharaṇa as the example statement that makes the vyāpti vivid by mentioning a well-known case.

Option D:
Option D describes nigamana, the concluding restatement of the thesis after the reason, example and application have been given.