UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, D and F accurately characterise action research, while C and E are false. Statement A is true because action research is practitioner-led and improvement-oriented. Statement B correctly outlines the cycle of planning, acting, observing and reflecting, and statement D is right that collaboration among teachers can enhance such projects. Statement F is also true since engaging in action research fosters professional growth, whereas C is false because its main goal is local improvement and E is false because reports may be shared in practitioner forums, schools or communities rather than only technical journals.

Option A:
Option A contains A and B but leaves out D and F, which are also true aspects of action research. Without acknowledging collaboration and professional development, the description is incomplete. Hence this combination cannot be accepted as fully correct.

Option B:
Option B adds D but still omits F, ignoring the professional development dimension. While collaboration is important, growth in practitioner expertise is also a core benefit, so leaving out F makes the set partial.

Option C:
Option C correctly combines A, B, D and F while excluding the false statements C and E. It presents action research as practitioner-led, cyclical, potentially collaborative and professionally enriching. Because it includes all and only the true statements, this option is the correct answer.

Option D:
Option D omits A, which is central because action research is specifically carried out by practitioners themselves. Excluding this defining element results in an incomplete characterisation, so the option is not acceptable.

Statements A, B and D represent commonly used collaborative research practices supported by ICT, while C is false. Shared online editors, version control repositories and collaboration platforms all facilitate co-authorship and joint data analysis. Reference managers can in fact be used by groups for shared libraries, so the restriction in C is incorrect. Hence, the combination including A, B and D but not C is the only fully correct option.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it mentions only A and B and leaves out D. While co-authoring and version control are central, ignoring shared datasets and protocol repositories underestimates how deeply ICT supports collaborative workflows.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it captures textual collaboration, change tracking and broader sharing of research artefacts. It explicitly rejects C, which ignores team-oriented features in many reference management tools.

Option C:
Option C is incomplete because it groups B and D only and omits A. Statement A concerns direct manuscript collaboration, which is a highly visible application of cloud editing tools in research communities.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes A and D but also accepts C. Since C wrongly denies team use of reference managers, this combination cannot be considered correct even though two of its statements are accurate.

Statements A, B, D and F together present a balanced understanding of internationalisation. A is true because exchanges and joint programmes are common tools for global engagement. B is true as internationalisation need not displace local content and priorities. D is true since collaborative research with foreign institutions advances knowledge and global networks. F is true because virtual exchanges and online collaborations expand international exposure beyond physical mobility. C is false as policies encourage multilingual and culturally relevant curricula, and E is false because fee structures for foreign students depend on institutional and policy decisions, not a fixed rule.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits F, failing to acknowledge the growing role of online and virtual forms of internationalisation.

Option B:
Option B is correct as it combines four true statements on exchanges, local relevance, collaborative research and virtual mobility, excluding C and E which misrepresent language and fee implications.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it includes C, which wrongly requires abandonment of Indian languages, conflicting with the principle of integrating global and local perspectives.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes E, which imposes a uniform fee rule for foreign students and ignores the diversity of institutional policies.

Statements A, B, C and E accurately characterise interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary work, while D is false. Interdisciplinary research integrates perspectives and methods, multidisciplinary work often juxtaposes them, and such collaboration can generate new hybrid areas like educational neuroscience. Effective communication across disciplinary boundaries is essential for these endeavours. Statement D is incorrect because education frequently benefits from insights drawn from psychology, sociology, technology and other fields.

Option A:
Option A leaves out E, so it does not explicitly recognise the centrality of collaboration and communication, which are vital for any interdisciplinary project. This omission makes the combination incomplete.

Option B:
Option B omits B, thereby failing to describe the less integrated nature of multidisciplinary work, even though it mentions integration and collaboration. Because it does not include all true statements, it cannot be correct.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it collects all the accurate statements—about integration, parallel contributions, hybrid field formation and the need for collaboration—while excluding D, which wrongly dismisses the relevance of interdisciplinary research in education.

Option D:
Option D includes D, the false assertion that interdisciplinary research is irrelevant, and so it becomes incorrect despite containing some true elements.

Option E retains D and omits C, missing the point about hybrid fields while also accepting an incorrect statement, which makes the option invalid.

Statements A, B and D present a balanced view of internationalisation. Exchanges and collaborative projects are well-known instruments for building global linkages, and at the same time institutions can maintain and strengthen local and national relevance in their programmes. Statement C is false because internationalisation does not demand the elimination of local content; rather, it encourages integrating global and local perspectives. Thus, A, B and D only are correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it includes A and B but omits D, consequently ignoring the important idea that internationalisation need not conflict with local and national priorities.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it adds C, which wrongly insists on replacing local content, thereby distorting the concept of internationalisation as additive and integrative rather than substitutive.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it selects B and D only and omits A, leaving out the widely practiced strategy of student and faculty exchanges as a component of internationalisation.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it combines the exchange and collaboration strategies with the recognition that strong local commitments can coexist with global engagement, while excluding C, which misrepresents internationalisation as a zero-sum process.