UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Nyāya draws a sharp line between pramā (valid cognition) and apramā (invalid cognition such as illusion or doubt). Pramā arises when an appropriate pramāṇa operates in proper conditions and yields a true representation of its object. This focus on truth and reliability is central to Nyāya’s epistemology and its evaluation of different sources of knowledge.

Option A:
Option A is too broad, since Nyāya does not call every cognition pramā; erroneous or illusory cognitions are classed as apramā.

Option B:
Option B correctly captures pramā as veridical knowledge produced by a recognised pramāṇa under suitable conditions.

Option C:
Option C narrows pramā unjustifiably to scriptural knowledge; while śabda can generate pramā, so can perception and inference.

Option D:
Option D restricts pramā to perceptual knowledge, but Nyāya explicitly accepts inferential and testimonial pramās as well.