UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Trairupya refers to the threefold criteria a reason must meet: presence in the paksha, presence in all sapaksha where the sadhya is present and absence in all vipaksha where the sadhya is absent. These conditions ensure a strong, exceptionless link between hetu and sadhya. Nyaya uses trairupya as a standard test for the adequacy of any proposed hetu. Hence the collective marks mentioned in the stem are called trairupya.

Option A:
Option A, vyapti, denotes the universal concomitance itself but does not enumerate the conditions by which a particular hetu is tested.

Option B:
Option B is correct because trairupya literally means “having three characteristics” and is the technical label for these three necessary conditions.

Option C:
Option C, upadhi, is a limiting condition that qualifies vyapti, often revealing why a purported universal fails; it is not the set of positive marks of a valid reason.

Option D:
Option D, samsaya, signifies doubt and is an epistemic state, not a criterion for assessing hetu.