UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Narmada Bachao Andolan emerged in response to large dam projects on the Narmada river, such as Sardar Sarovar. These projects were criticised for submerging villages, forests and farmlands, leading to the displacement of thousands of people. The movement questioned the development model that prioritised infrastructure over social justice and ecological integrity. Thus, the description linking it to opposition to large dams due to displacement and environmental impacts is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because mangrove protection is associated with different coastal movements and conservation programmes. The Narmada struggle is focused on an inland river valley and dam-induced submergence rather than coastal aquaculture.

Option B:
Option B correctly captures the dual concern of social rehabilitation and ecological damage. It highlights how environmental movements can challenge large infrastructure projects when they fail to adequately consider the rights of affected communities and long-term ecological costs.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since bans on plastic bags arise from urban solid waste and litter issues. While important, these campaigns are distinct from the river-valley dam controversies of Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because promoting biofuels has never been the central agenda of this movement. Its primary focus has been on displacement, resettlement, environmental assessment and alternative development paths.