UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, D and E correctly outline the main steps of a typical research process. The researcher first identifies and defines a problem, reviews literature to refine it and then formulates objectives or hypotheses that shape methodological choices. After data collection and analysis, communicating findings through reports and other channels is essential. Statement C is false because data analysis obviously follows data collection, not the other way round.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all the true statements and excludes C, which inverts the logical order of data collection and analysis. It captures the idea of research as a structured sequence from problem formulation to reporting.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete because it omits E, thereby ignoring the crucial final step of disseminating results to the academic or practitioner community. Without E, the research cycle appears truncated.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it includes C, the statement that suggests analysing data before collecting them, which is methodologically impossible. Adding C corrupts an otherwise mostly accurate sequence.

Option D:
Option D is wrong because it excludes A, failing to mention the explicit step of problem identification and definition, even though this is fundamental to any research project. Without A, the process appears to start midway.

Any systematic research begins by recognising a difficulty or gap in knowledge that needs investigation. This difficulty is then clearly defined and delimited as a research problem, which guides objectives, hypotheses and design. Without a well-formulated problem, later stages of the study lack clear direction. Hence, identifying and formulating the research problem is correctly considered the first step.

Option A:
A tool is an instrument such as a questionnaire or test used in later stages for data collection. It is chosen after the researcher understands the problem and decides on the design, so it cannot be the initial step.

Option B:
A hypothesis is framed only after the problem is clearly conceptualised and relevant literature is reviewed. It represents a tentative solution or explanation and therefore follows, rather than precedes, problem formulation.

Option C:
The research problem captures the essence of what needs to be studied by specifying the context, variables and boundaries. Once the problem is articulated, the researcher can logically derive objectives, design and tools. This central role at the beginning of the process makes this option correct.

Option D:
A sample is selected much later when the researcher is ready to collect data, after the population and variables are defined. Sampling decisions depend on the nature of the problem and design and therefore cannot be the first step.