UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Nyāya insists that vyāpti between hetu and sādhya must be grounded in both positive and negative correlated instances. For smoke and fire, this means repeatedly seeing smoke accompanied by fire in similar loci (sapakṣa) like kitchens, and not finding smoke where there is no fire in dissimilar loci (vipakṣa) such as lakes or open spaces. This combined pattern supports the conviction that wherever there is smoke there is fire, establishing invariable concomitance.

Option A:
Option A is too weak, because mere repetition of a single example may be accidental and does not rule out exceptions.

Option B:
Option B confines observation to a single type of positive instance and ignores negative cases, so it cannot eliminate possibilities of smoke without fire elsewhere.

Option C:
Option C captures the need for both anvaya (co-presence) and vyatireka (co-absence), which together underpin robust knowledge of vyāpti in Nyāya epistemology.

Option D:
Option D overstates the role of scripture; while śabda is an accepted pramāṇa, vyāpti for empirical inference like smoke–fire is not usually taken from testimony alone.