UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Studies and official warnings show that heatwaves are becoming longer, more frequent and more intense across many Indian regions. Climate change raises baseline temperatures while urban heat islands make cities particularly dangerous. These trends increase health risks and reduce labour productivity, especially for outdoor workers and the urban poor, underscoring the need for early-warning systems, cool shelters and resilient urban design.

Option A:
This option is incorrect because human health impacts are a central concern; mortality and illness during heatwaves are well documented.

Option B:
This option correctly connects physical hazards with social vulnerability and highlights why adaptation planning is crucial in a warming climate.

Option C:
Extreme heat generally increases electricity demand for cooling and can strain power systems; it does not “automatically” help mitigation.

Option D:
Scientific assessments attribute a significant portion of recent heat extremes to human-induced climate change, especially greenhouse gas emissions, so this statement is misleading.

Studies and official warnings show that heatwaves in India are becoming more frequent, intense and prolonged. Climate change raises baseline temperatures, while urban heat islands amplify local extremes. These conditions increase risks of dehydration, heat stroke and mortality, particularly among outdoor workers, the elderly and the urban poor. Consequently, heat action plans, early warning systems and urban design measures are now central components of adaptation strategies.

Option A:
This option is incorrect because heatwaves have well-documented impacts on human health, including increased mortality and hospital admissions. Ignoring human impacts overlooks key concerns for public policy.

Option B:
This option misrepresents current scientific understanding; while natural variability plays a role, climate change has made many recent heat extremes more likely and more intense.

Option C:
This option correctly summarises how climate change and urbanisation interact to amplify heat risks and why adaptation measures are essential. It links physical hazards with social vulnerability and development planning.

Option D:
This option is wrong because extreme heat often increases electricity demand for cooling, which can stress power systems and raise emissions if supplied by fossil fuels. There are clear risks, not automatic mitigation benefits.