UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and F correctly describe vyāpti in Indian logic, while D and E are false. Vyāpti captures the necessary connection between hetu and sādhya discovered through repeated observation and the ruling out of counterinstances. Nyaya treats this relation as the essential ground of any valid inference, and the smoke–fire example is frequently used in teaching and exams. D is wrong because a single coincidence does not establish invariable concomitance, and E is wrong because Nyaya does not regard vyāpti as purely a priori; empirical observation and reasoning are both involved.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete since it omits F, leaving out the specific exam-oriented reference to the smoke–fire example that often illustrates vyāpti. While A, B and C are true, they do not fully reflect how the concept is used pedagogically. Therefore A, B and C only is not entirely adequate.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it includes D, which claims that one accidental co-occurrence is enough to secure vyāpti, contradicting the insistence on repeated, exceptionless observation. Including D invalidates the combination. Hence A, B, C and D only cannot be accepted.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it gathers the core definitional and methodological points along with the common example used in UGC NET materials, while excluding D and E, both of which misrepresent the nature of vyāpti. Thus A, B, C and F only is the right answer.

Option D:
Option D is wrong as it omits A and includes only B, C and F, leaving out the very definition of vyāpti as invariable concomitance. Without A, the candidate would not know what relation is being discussed. Therefore B, C and F only cannot be the correct choice.