UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B and D accurately reflect the scope and evolution of cyber law under the IT Act, while C is clearly false. The Act grants legal status to e-records and digital signatures, covers several cyber offences and is periodically updated. Organisational security policies remain essential even with cyber law in place, so legal provisions do not replace internal information security practices. Thus, the correct combination consists of A, B and D only.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it includes only A and B and omits D. While recognition of e-records and coverage of cyber offences are true, excluding the possibility of amendments ignores the dynamic nature of cyber law. Therefore, this option fails to list all the correct statements.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete because it lists B and D only and leaves out A. Without acknowledging that the IT Act gives legal recognition to electronic records, the legal foundation of cyber law is not fully captured. Hence, this combination does not represent the complete set of true statements.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it gathers the three true statements and explicitly excludes C, which wrongly suggests that cyber law can replace organisational security measures. It presents a balanced view where law and institutional policies complement each other in managing cyber risks.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it assumes that all four statements are correct and thereby accepts C. Since C dismisses the continuing need for security policies, this combination conflicts with the layered approach to information security.

The Information Technology Act, 2000 was enacted in India to give legal validity to electronic transactions and digital signatures. It lays down provisions for electronic records, offences related to computer misuse and the role of certifying authorities. This Act underpins many e governance initiatives by ensuring that digital documents are recognised in law. Thus, the blank should be filled with Information Technology.

Option A:
Option A, Right to Education, Act deals with compulsory education for children and does not address electronic records or digital signatures.

Option B:
Option B, Copyright, Act concerns protection of intellectual property rights rather than general recognition of electronic documents.

Option C:
Option C, Indian Evidence, Act governs admissibility of evidence in courts but predates widespread use of digital signatures and is not the main law granting legal status to them.

Option D:
Option D is correct because the Information Technology Act, 2000 explicitly states that electronic records and digital signatures are legally valid, which is exactly what the question refers to.

Statements A, B and D correctly describe digital signatures, while C confuses them with mere images. Digital signatures rely on cryptographic keys to verify both the sender and the integrity of the document. They are widely used in e-governance workflows to legally sign electronic forms. Graphical images of signatures do not provide cryptographic security, so C must be excluded from the correct set.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes A, B and D, which all reflect authentic properties and uses of digital signatures. It properly leaves out C, which treats digital signatures as simple pictures with no cryptographic basis. This option therefore matches the technological and legal understanding of digital signatures.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete because it selects only A and B and omits D. While A and B are true, ignoring the practical use of digital signatures in e-governance systems underestimates their institutional role. Since D is also correct, this combination does not list all the true statements.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it combines B, which is true, with C, which is false. C equates digital signatures with pasted images, ignoring the essential role of cryptographic algorithms and keys. Any option that includes this misunderstanding cannot be accepted as correct.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it assumes that all four statements are correct and thus accepts C. Since C misrepresents digital signatures as non-cryptographic images, the presence of C makes this combination invalid.