UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Hetvābhāsa literally means a “semblance of a reason.” It denotes a middle term that imitates a proper hetu but, on analysis, does not satisfy the conditions for valid inference. Such a reason may persuade someone superficially, yet it lacks genuine probative force. Classification of hetvābhāsas is central in Nyāya for diagnosing fallacies and sharpening debate skills.

Option A:
Option A describes a sound hetu, which is the exact opposite of hetvābhāsa; a perfect middle term is what logicians aspire to use.

Option B:
Option B correctly states that hetvābhāsa is only apparently a good reason and fails to establish the intended conclusion on closer examination. This matches textbook explanations.

Option C:
Option C confuses the faulty middle term with the example (dṛṣṭānta) that illustrates the universal relation; the two play different roles in inference.

Option D:
Option D refers to nigamana, the conclusion step, which summarises the inference rather than functioning as its possibly defective reason.

Hetvabhasa literally means "that which appears like a hetu" and designates reasons that superficially resemble valid middle terms but are logically defective. Such reasons may suffer from irregularity, contradiction, absence in the paksha or defeat by stronger evidence. Recognising hetvabhasas is essential for evaluating arguments and avoiding misleading inferences. Thus the general term for a fallacious reason in Nyaya is hetvabhasa.

Option A:
Option A, vyapti, is the genuine universal concomitance between hetu and sadhya and is a sign of correctness, not of fallacy. It underwrites valid inference rather than indicating error.

Option B:
Option B, upadhi, is a limiting condition that refines an apparent vyapti and helps explain why some supposed reasons fail; it is not itself the label for fallacious reasons.

Option C:
Option C is correct because Nyaya texts provide detailed classifications of hetvabhasa, such as savyabhicara, asiddha and viruddha, all falling under this broad category. It serves as the umbrella term for defective hetus.

Option D:
Option D, drstanta, is the illustrative example in inference and, while relevant to testing reasons, does not itself name a kind of faulty hetu.