Statements A, B, C and D identify key error sources in surveys, and F points to one mitigation strategy. A is true because coverage error arises when parts of the population are missing from the frame, and B correctly defines non-response error. C is accurate in linking measurement error to poor wording or misunderstanding, while D recognises that different modes of administration can affect responses. F is also true since repeated contacts and follow-ups can reduce non-response, whereas E is false because social desirability bias can distort answers and undermine validity.
Option A:
Option A omits statement F, thereby failing to recognise a practical method for reducing non-response error. Although A, B, C and D are correct, the lack of F makes the option less complete in terms of both diagnosis and remedy.
Option B:
Option B leaves out statement A, ignoring the important concept of coverage error, which can prevent some population members from being sampled at all. Without A, the picture of survey validity threats is incomplete, so this option is not acceptable.
Option C:
Option C excludes statement B, neglecting the impact of non-response error on survey conclusions. Even though it includes A, C, D and F, missing B means the combination does not cover all the major threats listed.
Option D:
Option D is correct because it includes A, B, C, D and F, summarising coverage, non-response, measurement and mode effects as well as follow-up strategies. It excludes E, which wrongly claims that social desirability bias has no effect on validity. Therefore, this combination contains all and only the true statements.
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