The updated NDC strengthens India’s earlier pledge by raising the emissions-intensity reduction target from 33–35% to 45% by 2030. It also formalises that about half of installed power capacity will come from non-fossil sources by 2030. These targets balance growth and climate responsibility, allowing GDP to rise while reducing carbon emitted per unit of output and greening the power mix. (India Budget)
Option A:
This option is incorrect because India has not committed to absolute emission cuts of 45% below 2005; such a target would ignore its developing-country context and growing energy needs.
Option B:
This option correctly reflects the revised emissions-intensity goal and the non-fossil capacity share, showing how mitigation is linked to development and energy transition.
Option C:
A hard cap on energy use at 2019 levels would severely constrain development and is not part of India’s NDC.
Option D:
India has not pledged to close all coal mines by 2030; instead, it focuses on lowering emissions intensity and expanding clean energy.
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