Upadhi and restricted vyapti – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C, D and E accurately characterise upādhi as a condition that limits vyāpti, while F is false. The smoke–fire example shows how an apparently universal concomitance can fail if we include pseudo-smoke like fog/steam; adding an upādhi restricts the claim to the relevant kind of smoke used in inference. A genuine upādhi narrows the relation to prevent over-generalisation, and failing to disclose such a condition may make a reason suspect. UGC NET may test awareness of this nuance in Indian logic, so F is incorrect. Hence A, B, C, D and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, overlooking the fact that undisclosed upādhi can make a reason fallacious. Without this connection to hetvābhāsa, the picture of upādhi is less informative. Therefore A, B, C and D only is not fully adequate.

Option B:
Option B is wrong as it leaves out A, failing to define upādhi in general and mentioning only examples and consequences. Without A, students do not get the core idea that upādhi restricts vyāpti. This omission makes the option incomplete.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it includes F, which claims that upādhi is never part of the UGC NET syllabus, contrary to the actual inclusion of Indian logic concepts. Accepting F would mislead candidates about what can be asked. Thus this combination cannot be chosen.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it gathers all true statements, including the conceptual definition, the classic example, the test for genuine conditions and the connection with fallacious reasoning. It excludes only F, which misstates the exam scope.