Udaharana as rule with example – UGC NET Question

Udaharana combines a general statement of vyapti with an illustrative case, making the universal relation between hetu and sadhya vivid. It typically reads like “wherever there is smoke there is fire, as in a kitchen.” This step helps the listener see that the relation claimed is grounded in familiar experience. Therefore the member described in the stem is called udaharana.

Option A:
Option A is correct because udaharana is explicitly defined as the third avayava that presents both the rule and an example, bridging abstract vyapti and concrete observation.

Option B:
Option B, paksha, is the subject of inference like the hill, and it appears in the thesis and other steps but is not itself the rule-with-example component.

Option C:
Option C, vyapti, is the underlying universal relation stated in more abstract terms; udaharana expresses this relation but also includes an illustrative instance.

Option D:
Option D, pramana, is a general term for means of knowledge and not the specific step in the Nyaya syllogism.