Social justice in higher education involves ensuring fair opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups to access and succeed in academic programmes. Reservation policies, scholarships and fee waivers are tools to correct systemic inequalities and barriers. The stem mentions reservation and financial support for marginalised groups, which are classic measures to advance social justice. Therefore, Option B accurately completes the sentence.
Option A:
Social justice frameworks recognise that formal equality may not be enough when groups start from unequal positions. They call for affirmative measures to create more substantive equality of opportunity, which is exactly what the policies described in the question seek to do.
Option B:
Market efficiency focuses on resource allocation based on supply, demand and price signals without necessarily addressing historical exclusion. It may even worsen inequalities if left unchecked, so this option does not match the ethical goal in the stem.
Option C:
Military security concerns defence and protection of national borders and is unrelated to admission and support policies in higher education. Hence, this option is not appropriate here.
Option D:
Automation refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. While it can change labour market demands, it is not directly related to reservation or equity measures in higher education.
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