Sample concept in research – UGC NET Question

A sample is a smaller group of units selected from a larger population so that information collected from it can be used to infer characteristics of the whole. Sampling makes research feasible when studying every member of the population is impractical or impossible. The quality of the sample strongly affects the accuracy of conclusions drawn from the study. Since the stem speaks of a subset drawn from the target population for making inferences, the correct term is sample.

Option A:
Population refers to the entire group of individuals, objects or events that share specified characteristics and about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions. It is not a subset but the full set of interest. Because the stem clearly mentions a subset drawn from the population, population cannot complete the statement.

Option B:
A sample is selected using some sampling design so that it reflects the key characteristics of the population as closely as possible. Data are collected from the sample, and statistical techniques are then used to estimate population parameters. This use of a subset for inference corresponds exactly to the description in the question, confirming sample as the correct option.

Option C:
Parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population, such as the true mean or proportion. It is not itself a group of units but a value that describes the population. The stem is looking for the name of the subset of units, so parameter is not appropriate.

Option D:
Universe is another term sometimes used interchangeably with population to refer to the total collection of elements under study. It does not denote a subset selected for research. Hence, universe cannot be the right completion of the stem.