The Pygmalion effect,also known as self-fulfilling prophecy,occurs when higher expectations from a teacher lead to improved performance in students. Positive cues,extra attention and challenging tasks are given,raising achievement. The stem describes this phenomenon directly,so Pygmalion effect is the correct term.
Option A:
Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behaviour when people know they are being observed,not specifically to expectation-driven performance changes.
Option B:
Testing effect is related to improved retention due to retrieval practice,which is different from expectancy influences.
Option C:
Contrast effect involves comparative judgements between individuals,not expectation-based improvement.
Option D:
Pygmalion effect highlights the power of teacher beliefs in shaping outcomes,making option B appropriate.
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