Pratyaksha Lakshana Nyaya – UGC NET Question

Nyāya defines perception as a non verbal, non erroneous cognition that arises from proper contact between the sense organ, its object and the mind. The emphasis is on immediacy (not mediated by another pramāṇa) and on freedom from defects that would generate illusion or doubt. This marks off genuine perception from hallucination and inferential thought.

Option A:
Option A incorrectly insists that perception must be verbalised at the moment it occurs; Nyāya allows for pre-linguistic perceptual awareness.

Option B:
Option B correctly captures Nyāya’s lakṣaṇa: non erroneous cognition produced by appropriate sense–object–mind contact.

Option C:
Option C restricts perception to universals, but Nyāya holds that particulars are also perceived, especially in earlier stages of cognition.

Option D:
Option D makes perception dependent on inference, whereas Nyāya regards perception as an independent pramāṇa that does not require inferential support to be valid.