Pratyaksha in Indian logic – UGC NET Question

In classical Indian logic, pratyaksha is the pramana that denotes direct perception. It is knowledge gained through immediate contact of the senses with their objects, free from error and distortion. This form of cognition is considered foundational for empirical awareness. Hence the type of knowledge described in the stem is called pratyaksha.

Option A:
Option A, anumana, refers to inference, where knowledge arises from reasoning based on signs or evidence. It is mediated, not direct, and therefore differs from sense perception. So anumana is not the right answer.

Option B:
Option B correctly identifies pratyaksha as sense perception or direct awareness of objects. It contrasts with inferential and testimonial sources of knowledge. Therefore pratyaksha is the most accurate term here.

Option C:
Option C, upamana, denotes knowledge by comparison or analogy, such as learning about an unknown object by comparing it with a known one. This is again different from immediate sensory contact. Thus upamana does not fit the description.

Option D:
Option D, sabda, is verbal testimony, especially authoritative or scriptural knowledge. It relies on trustworthy speakers rather than direct sensory experience. Therefore sabda cannot be the correct answer to this question.