Population theories and environment linkages – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B and C are correct as they outline key theoretical perspectives linking population and environment. Malthus focused on potential imbalances between population and food, Boserup stressed innovation under pressure and neo-Malthusians incorporate consumption and technology into impact analysis. Statement D is incorrect because many contemporary studies explicitly consider institutions and equity in population–environment debates. Therefore, A, B and C only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it lists only A and B and omits C. Without neo-Malthusian views that integrate technology and consumption, the theoretical picture is not up to date.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it includes only B and C and leaves out A. Although Boserup and neo-Malthusians are important, Malthusian thinking is foundational and must be included to fully answer the question.

Option C:
Option C is correct since it gathers all three valid statements and rejects D, which wrongly claims that institutions and equity are ignored. This option reflects the evolution of thinking from simple population counts to more complex frameworks.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes D along with A and C. Accepting D would deny the rich literature on environmental justice and institutional analysis in population–environment studies.