The concept of Mode 2 knowledge refers to research that is produced in the context of application, across disciplinary boundaries, and often in collaboration with non-academic actors. It contrasts with Mode 1, which is disciplinary and primarily academic. The stem describes characteristics such as transdisciplinarity and application orientation, which align with Mode 2 knowledge. Hence, Option C is the correct answer.
Option A:
Mode 0 is not a standard term in this framework and has no established meaning in the Mode 1/Mode 2 literature. Therefore, Option A is incorrect.
Option B:
Mode 1 refers to traditional, disciplinary, university-centred knowledge production, not the socially distributed and application-focused model described. Thus, Option B is incorrect.
Option C:
Option C is correct because “Mode 2” specifically denotes transdisciplinary, application-oriented, socially distributed knowledge production.
Option D:
Mode 4 is not a conventional label in this framework; the widely used distinction is between Mode 1 and Mode 2. Hence, Option D is incorrect.
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