External validity is concerned with whether findings obtained in a particular study context hold under different conditions. It includes population validity, which deals with other groups of people, and ecological validity, which addresses other settings and situations. High external validity implies that results are not highly context-bound. Therefore, the generalisability described in the stem is called external validity.
Option A:
Internal validity relates to whether observed effects can be attributed confidently to the treatment rather than to extraneous factors. It focuses on causal inference inside the study, not on generalisation beyond it.
Option B:
Content validity refers to how well test items represent the domain of content, such as curriculum topics, and is primarily a measurement property rather than a property of study generalisation.
Option C:
External validity is influenced by factors such as sampling, realism of settings and interaction of selection with treatment. Researchers may conduct replication studies in diverse contexts to strengthen external validity. Because the stem refers explicitly to other populations, settings and times, this option is correct.
Option D:
Criterion validity deals with how well a test correlates with a relevant outcome measure or criterion, not with generalisability of results across contexts.
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