Environmental racism refers to patterns in which racial or ethnic minority communities are systematically targeted for undesirable land uses like hazardous waste sites,or receive fewer environmental benefits. It highlights how racism can be embedded in environmental decision making. The stem explicitly mentions marginalised communities disproportionately exposed to hazards,which captures this concept. Therefore Option C is correct.
Option A:
Environmental efficiency focuses on reducing pollution per unit output and does not address unequal exposure burdens.
Option B:
Ecological modernisation focuses on aligning growth and environmental protection via innovation and reform; it does not inherently explain disproportionate hazard siting.
Option C:
Environmental racism directly names the disproportionate exposure of marginalised groups to hazards due to systemic inequities,matching the stem.
Option D:
Demographic bonus relates to age structure and labour force,not environmental hazard burdens.
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