Demographic transition and development – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B and C correctly summarise the classical three stages of the demographic transition model. High birth and death rates in the first stage, followed by declining death rates and continued high birth rates in the second stage, and eventually low birth and death rates in the third stage are well-established patterns. Statement D is incorrect because the model is used precisely to explain how development affects population dynamics and vice versa. Therefore, the combination containing A, B and C only is the correct answer.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all three accurate descriptions of the stages of demographic transition and excludes the dismissive statement D. It preserves the conceptual link between development and changes in fertility and mortality patterns. By omitting D, it aligns with demographic theory widely discussed in UGC NET syllabi.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it adds D, which incorrectly states that the model is irrelevant to understanding development–population relationships. Since demographic transition is a central framework in population studies, including D contradicts the established use of the model.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it lists only A and B as correct, leaving out C, which accurately describes the third stage of low birth and death rates and near-stable population. Excluding a correct statement results in an incomplete representation of the model.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes D, implying that the model is irrelevant, and omits A, which is a foundational description of the first stage. Such a combination mischaracterises both the content and significance of demographic transition theory.