Defective hetus: sādhāraṇa etc. – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C, D and F correctly describe these special kinds of hetu, whereas E is false. A sādhāraṇa hetu spreads across both similar and dissimilar cases, an asādhāraṇa hetu is confined to the pakṣa alone and an anupasaṃhāri hetu is so universal that it cannot mark a relevant difference. All of them are defective for Nyaya because they undermine strict vyāpti, and UGC NET may test recognition of these defects. E is wrong since sādhāraṇa hetu is not praised but criticised as logically weak.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits D and F, leaving out both the statement that these hetus are defective and the exam context in which they appear. While A, B and C are true, they do not convey why these types matter or how they are tested. Therefore A, B and C only is not fully adequate.

Option B:
Option B is also incomplete, including D but still omitting F and thus failing to mention UGC NET’s interest in these classifications. Without F, the answer lacks an explicit exam link. Hence A, B, C and D only cannot be considered the best answer.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it leaves out A and includes only B, C, D and F. Without A, the description of sādhāraṇa hetu is missing, yet it is crucial for the question. This omission means B, C, D and F only does not represent the full set of correct statements.

Option D:
Option D is correct since it gathers all the true statements while excluding E, which misrepresents sādhāraṇa hetu as desirable. It presents both the structural defects and their relevance for exam questions. Thus A, B, C, D and F only is the appropriate combination.