The label “academic capitalism” is used for market-like behaviours in higher education, such as competing for patents, consultancy income and high-fee programmes. The stem lists precisely these activities, so “capitalism” completes the term accurately.
Option A:
Option A is incorrect because “welfareism” focuses on redistribution and social support, not on revenue-seeking, entrepreneurial behaviour by universities.
Option B:
Option B is correct as capitalism, in this context, signals the penetration of market logics into academic practices, including competition for external funds and fee-paying clients.
Option C:
Option C is wrong since “feudalism” refers to historical land-based hierarchies and bears no relation to modern commercialisation of universities.
Option D:
Option D is incorrect because “monasticism” evokes religious orders and ascetic life, not patenting and contract research.
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