Academic capitalism market behaviour HE – UGC NET Question

The term “academic capitalism” is used by scholars to describe market-oriented behaviours of universities, such as chasing patents, consultancy income and fee-paying students. Because the stem lists these activities, the missing word must be “capitalism.”

Option A:
Option A is correct because “capitalism” signals the adoption of market logics—competition, revenue generation and entrepreneurial activity—within academic institutions.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as “socialism” points to collective ownership and redistribution, not to universities’ engagement in competitive markets for revenue and prestige.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because “feudalism” refers to historical land-based hierarchies and has no direct link to the commercial practices described.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect since “monasticism” evokes religious orders and ascetic living, which is unrelated to the pursuit of patents and consultancy contracts.