UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Biomass fuels such as firewood,crop residues and dung cakes are commonly burned in traditional chulhas without proper ventilation. This combustion releases smoke and fine particulate matter,leading to serious respiratory and eye problems. The stem specifically refers to traditional chulhas in rural households,which clearly points to biomass fuels. Therefore Option D is correct.

Option A:
LPG burns much more cleanly than biomass and is promoted as a cleaner fuel alternative under various government schemes. While incomplete combustion can still produce some pollutants,it is not the main source of indoor smoke described in the question.

Option B:
Electricity used for cooking through induction or electric stoves does not involve combustion inside the home and therefore produces negligible indoor air pollution. It cannot be the primary cause of smoky indoor environments in rural areas.

Option C:
Solar energy can be used for lighting or cooking through solar cookers,but again does not produce indoor smoke when used properly. It is usually seen as an environmentally friendly option,rather than a pollutant source.

Option D:
Biomass fuels,when burned inefficiently,produce high levels of particulate matter,carbon monoxide and other harmful gases. This makes them a key focus of health and environment programmes in rural settings,matching the stem.