UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Upadhi is introduced to explain why an apparently universal relation between hetu and sadhya fails in some cases. It identifies a hidden condition on which the association actually depends, thereby revealing that the original vyapti was overgeneralised. By bringing the upadhi to light, logicians refine the universal so that it becomes truly exceptionless. In this way, upadhi plays a key role in clarifying the boundaries of valid inference.

Option A:
Option A is correct because upadhi literally means "subsidiary condition" and marks the factor that must be added to the hetu for a genuine, unrestricted vyapti to hold. Recognising it prevents fallacious reasoning based on misleadingly broad generalisations.

Option B:
Option B, trairupya, refers to the three marks of a valid hetu and does not itself name a limiting condition on vyapti.

Option C:
Option C, paksa dharma, simply designates a property possessed by the paksha and may or may not involve hidden conditions; it is a descriptive term rather than a diagnostic one.

Option D:
Option D, samsaya, denotes doubt as a mental state that prompts inquiry but is not the technical device for delimiting universals.

Upadhi is introduced to explain why an apparently universal relation between hetu and sadhya fails in some cases by revealing an unnoticed limiting condition. For example, the connection between smoke and fire holds only when certain conditions about fuel and ignition are met. Recognising the upadhi refines the vyapti so that it becomes genuinely exceptionless. Thus the restricting factor described in the stem is called upadhi.

Option A:
Option A is correct because upadhi literally means "subsidiary condition" and functions as a qualifier that saves genuine universals from overgeneralisation. It shows that the true vyapti is conditional upon the presence of this factor.

Option B:
Option B, udaharana, is the statement of rule with example and does not itself serve as a hidden constraint on the relation.

Option C:
Option C, paksha dharma, refers simply to a property present in the paksha and is not the special condition that limits the domain of a universal connection.

Option D:
Option D, samsaya, denotes doubt as a mental state and plays a role in prompting inquiry, not in technically restricting the scope of vyapti.

Upadhi is a special condition that, when recognised, shows that an alleged universal relation holds only under certain circumstances. It explains why a seemingly general vyapti like “wherever there is smoke there is fire” fails in cases such as wet fuel, where smoke occurs without fire. Identifying the upadhi refines the vyapti to make it genuinely universal. Therefore the restricting condition described in the stem is called upadhi.

Option A:
Option A, trairupya, lists the positive conditions that a valid hetu must satisfy; it does not name the factor that exposes a hidden limitation in vyapti.

Option B:
Option B, paksha, is the specific subject of inference, not a condition governing the general relation between hetu and sadhya.

Option C:
Option C is correct because upadhi literally means “subsidiary condition” and functions in Nyaya to block overgeneralisation by specifying the exact scope of a true universal.

Option D:
Option D, dravya, is the category of substance and has no direct role as a limiting factor in logical relations.