Nyāya presents a five membered structure of inference in which dṛṣṭānta (or udāharaṇa) is the stage where an example is given to show the universal concomitance between hetu (reason) and sādhya (probandum). For instance, citing “the kitchen where there is smoke and fire” illustrates the smoke–fire relation. This concrete case helps establish the vyāpti that underlies the reasoning.
Option A:
Option A, pratijñā, is the proposition or thesis to be proved, not the example.
Option B:
Option B, hetu, is the reason or sign used in inference, such as “there is smoke on the hill.”
Option C:
Option C correctly names dṛṣṭānta as the example that demonstrates the general connection between reason and what is to be proved.
Option D:
Option D, nigamana, is the final conclusion statement that restates the thesis in light of the reason, not the illustrative example.
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